1. General Guidelines

Health and Disease Research welcomes original, high-quality scholarly contributions that advance knowledge in human health, disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and healthcare. The journal considers manuscripts that demonstrate originality, scientific rigour, ethical compliance, and relevance to its stated aims and scope.

Authors are encouraged to ensure that their manuscripts are clearly written, methodologically sound, properly referenced, and prepared in accordance with the guidelines provided below. Submission of a manuscript implies that the work is original, has not been published previously, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

2. Types of Manuscripts

The journal considers the following categories of submissions:

• Original Research Articles: Reports of original scientific investigations, including clinical studies, laboratory experiments, observational studies, and public health research.
• Review Articles: Critical assessments of existing literature that provide comprehensive and balanced perspectives on relevant topics.
• Short Communications: Concise reports of significant preliminary findings or focused research contributions.
• Case Reports and Case Series: Descriptions of clinically relevant cases that provide meaningful scientific or educational insights, subject to appropriate ethical approval and consent.

3. Manuscript Preparation

Manuscripts should be prepared in clear, formal English using Microsoft Word or a compatible word-processing format. Authors should use a readable font, such as Times New Roman, 12-point, with double line spacing.

Scientific names, abbreviations, symbols, measurements, and technical terminology should be presented consistently. International System of Units (SI) should be used wherever applicable. Abbreviations should be defined at first mention, and unnecessary abbreviations should be avoided.

4. Manuscript Structure

Original research articles should generally follow the structure below.

4.1. Title Page

The title page should contain:

• A concise, informative manuscript title.
• The full names of all authors.
• Institutional affiliations of each author.
• The name and contact details of the corresponding author, including an email address and telephone number.
• ORCID identifiers, where available.
• Acknowledgements of relevant contributions, where applicable.

The title should accurately reflect the study's content without unnecessary abbreviations or unsupported claims.

4.2. Abstract

Research articles should include a concise abstract summarising the background, objective, methods, principal results, and conclusion. The abstract should be structured in the following order: Background, Objective, Methods, Results, and Conclusion. The abstract should generally not exceed 300 words.

4.3. Keywords

Authors should provide five to seven keywords that accurately represent the manuscript's main subjects.

4.4. Introduction

The introduction should establish the research background, explain the scientific or clinical problem, identify gaps in existing knowledge, and state the study objectives or hypotheses. Relevant literature should be discussed critically and concisely.

4.5. Materials and Methods

This section should provide sufficient information for readers to assess the validity and reproducibility of the research. Authors should describe the study design, setting, population or materials, sampling procedures, data collection methods, laboratory or clinical procedures, outcome measures, and statistical analyses, as applicable.

Relevant ethics approval, informed consent procedures, trial registration details, and software or analytical tools should also be reported. Established methods may be referenced, but modifications to previously published procedures must be clearly explained.

4.6. Results

Results should be presented clearly and logically, following the study objectives. Tables, figures, and statistical summaries should be used where appropriate. Authors should report relevant effect estimates, confidence intervals, sample sizes, and exact statistical significance values where suitable, rather than relying solely on statements of statistical significance. Results should be presented without unnecessary repetition between the main text, tables, and figures.

4.7. Discussion

The discussion should interpret the principal findings in relation to existing evidence, explain their scientific or clinical significance, and identify implications for research, healthcare practice, or public health. Authors should address unexpected findings, study limitations, and potential sources of bias. Conclusions should be supported by the results and should not extend beyond the evidence obtained.

4.8. Conclusion

The conclusion should provide a concise statement of the study's principal contribution and its implications. Recommendations for clinical practice, public health, or further research should be justified by the findings.

4.9. Declarations

Where applicable, manuscripts should include separate statements covering ethical approval, informed consent, funding, conflicts of interest, author contributions, data availability, acknowledgements, and clinical trial registration.

5. Tables and Figures

Tables and figures should contribute meaningfully to the presentation of research findings. Authors should ensure that:

• Tables and figures are numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned.
• Each table has a concise title, and each figure has a descriptive caption.
• Abbreviations, symbols, and statistical notations are explained in relevant notes or captions.
• Figures are of sufficient resolution and quality for publication.
• Data presented in tables and figures are consistent with the manuscript text.
• Previously published or third-party materials are accompanied by the necessary permissions and appropriate attribution.

Clinical photographs, medical images, and other potentially identifiable materials must be handled in accordance with applicable privacy requirements and consent procedures. Images should not be manipulated in ways that misrepresent the underlying data.

6. References and Citations

The journal adopts the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. In-text citations should follow the author–date format, while the reference list should be arranged alphabetically by the surname of the first author. Authors should ensure that all in-text citations correspond to entries in the reference list. Where available, DOIs or website links should be provided.

7. Research Ethics and Integrity

All research submitted to Health and Disease Research must comply with applicable ethical principles, institutional requirements, and relevant national and international regulations.

9. Funding and Conflicts of Interest

All sources of financial support, including grants, institutional funding, and relevant commercial support, must be disclosed. Authors should provide the name of the funding organisation and the grant or award number where applicable.

Authors must also disclose financial and non-financial relationships or interests that could reasonably be perceived to influence the research, its interpretation, or its publication. If no competing interests exist, an explicit declaration stating that there are no conflicts of interest should be included.

10. Data Availability and Reproducibility

Authors should provide a data availability statement indicating whether the data supporting the findings are available, where they can be accessed, and under what conditions. Where data cannot be made publicly available because of privacy, confidentiality, legal, or ethical restrictions, the reasons should be stated.

11. Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools

Authors who use generative artificial intelligence or other AI-assisted tools in preparing a manuscript should disclose their use where it materially contributes to content generation, analysis, interpretation, or other substantive aspects of the work. Human authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, integrity, and proper citation of all submitted content, including material generated or assisted by AI. AI tools should not be used to fabricate data, references, research findings, or supporting evidence.

13. Submission Procedure

Manuscripts should be submitted through the journal's designated online submission system or official editorial email address, as specified on the journal website. Authors should prepare the following materials, as applicable:

• The complete manuscript, including references, tables, and figure captions.
• A separate title page containing author names, affiliations, and corresponding author details, if required by the review process.
• Figures and supplementary files, where these are submitted separately.
• Ethical approval and clinical trial registration information, where applicable.
• Relevant permissions for reproduced material.
• A cover letter introducing the manuscript and explaining its relevance to the journal.

The corresponding author should confirm that all authors have approved the manuscript and consented to its submission.